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Why Touch Screens Only Respond to Fingers: The Science Behind the Sensitivity

  I. Introduction Touch screen technology enables direct interaction with devices through touch. Using either capacitive or resistive methods, these screens detect user input, translating it into commands. Widely used in smartphones, tablets, and kiosks, touch screens offer intuitive navigation, eliminating the need for physical buttons and enhancing user experience across various applications. Understanding how touch screens work is crucial for users and developers alike. It enhances user experience by ensuring effective interaction, informs choices in device selection, and guides troubleshooting. For developers, knowledge of touch technology is vital for creating intuitive applications and improving interface design, ultimately leading to greater user satisfaction. This blog aims to explore why touch screens predominantly respond to fingers, delving into the science behind touch sensitivity. By examining the principles of capacitive and resistive technology, we will uncover the
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Regenerative braking (How does it work) // seminar topic // Tutorial


What is regenerative braking?

People of 20th century are more realistic and they don’t believe in saving anything rather treat expense as the investment. People have started thinking of using the bio waste as the source of energy, extraction of fuel from plastic, energy from noise and so on.  The regenerative braking system is also an evolution of the same.
Every time we step on to our automobile brakes, energy gets wasted. As per the law of conservation of energy, energy can not be created nor be destroyed. So when our car slows down, the kinetic energy that was propelling it forward gets transformed to some other form. Most of it simply dissipates as heat and becomes useless, which could have been used to do work, is essentially wasted. This is not limited to the automobiles only but may also be equipped with industrial fork lift, trams, trains etc.
In most automobiles it's the inevitable byproduct of braking and there's no way you can drive a vehicle without occasionally hitting the brakes. But automotive engineers have given this problem a lot of thought and have come up with a kind of braking system that can recapture much of the kinetic energy of vehicle and convert it into electricity, so that it can be used to recharge the batteries that are equipped. This system is called as regenerative braking system.

How does it work?

In a traditional braking system, brake pads get into physical contact with rotor and produce friction so as to slow or stop the vehicle. This friction is something that turns the vehicles kinetic energy into heat. With regenerative brakes, on the other hand, the drive system of the vehicle does the majority of the braking. On application of a regenerative brake pedal, the driving motor rotates in reverse mode, causing it to run backwards, thus slowing the wheels. While running backwards, the driver motor also acts as an electric generator. The wheels transfer kinetic energy via the drive-train to the generator. The generator turns in a similar way to a bicycle light generator transforming part of the kinetic energy into electrical energy, which is then stored in a high-voltage battery. At the same time, generator resistance produced from the electricity created, slows the vehicle. These types of brakes work better at certain speeds and remain most effective in stop-and-go driving situations.
In some cases, the energy produced by these types of brakes is stored in a series of capacitors for later use. In addition to this, vehicles also are employed with standard friction braking system where the vehicle's engine control unit (ECU) decides which braking system is more appropriate at that time. Because so much is controlled electronically in a regenerative braking system, it's even possible for the driver to select certain presets that determine how the vehicle reacts in different situations. For instance, in some vehicles a driver is provided with an option in the dashboard to select whether regenerative braking should begin immediately whenever the driver's foot comes off the accelerator pedal and whether the braking system will take the car all the way to 0 mph (0 kilometers per hour) or will let the car coast slightly.

Comparison between the traditional and regenerative braking system:

It’s important for drivers to be aware of the fact that the brake pedal might respond differently for different conditions of pressure. The pedal will sometimes depress farther towards the floor than it normally does and this sensation can cause momentary panic in drivers.
It needs to be matched closely with the generated current with the supply characteristics and increased maintenance cost of the lines.

 Below is a comparison of brake pedal force vs braking torque in different braking systems.



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